forensic dna analysis

 THE DNA FINGERPRINTING

INTRODUCTION:

After a very large advancement in science. we can say, DNA is that the technique of “Justice through science”.

DNA FINGERPRINTING IN CRIME INVESTIGATION:

Crime has become a significant challenge before society. Within the time of scientific development routine of criminals became very sophisticated because of which traditional evidence are rarely available against the criminal, it's even difficult to identify the criminal, resulting in failure of the criminal justice system.

For prevention of crime and deterring criminal elements from committing the crime, it is not just enough to define activity as an offence and prescribes severe punishment but deterrence situation should be created for criminals and prospective criminals by making efficient and prompt investigation and ultimately by convection of criminals.

DNA fingerprinting is now becoming an awfully potent means by which criminal could even be identified and convicted.

DNA Fingerprinting encompasses a wonderful feature within the identification of criminals.

It provides correct individualization if each individual on earth as one and all incorporates a novel DNA Configuration and sequencing of base pairs.

Therefore, if the biological evidentiary clue is on the market, the criminal is additionally identified with no fault on the crime scene always some biological evidentiary clues are available particularly skin, blood stains, semen, swabs and hairs.

Skin is that the clue material just in case where the skin has been abraded within the assault. Beating with a heavy stick or any hard and blunt instrument abrades and picks up the skin.

Where someone has been dragged up, the skin is additionally abraded and so the used surface may carry skin fragments.

Where someone has been hanged, the ligature will carry the skin fragment. In regulatory offence also, skin fragment is found stuck within the nail of the victim and accused.

By using skin fragments biometric identification is additionally prepared and criminal may be identified. On the crime scene, the foremost usual biological evidentiary clues found is hair. a personal sheds hairs everywhere.

It is a phenomenon, even every vigilant criminal has no control over this phenomenon, at the crime scene, the investigating officer can collect this evidence by which DNA profile is additionally prepared and perpetrator are often produced before the court for convection to stop there's cross transference hair in close contact: rape, scuffles etc. Also, they're picked up by the weapon of offence.

DNA Fingerprint which prepared from the roots of hairs identifies the person beyond reasonable doubts.

Cut out, burst or combined nails bring body cells. Nail scrapings carry scratched body material. Such scraping is frequent in assaults and disturbances where the victim has resisted the aggression of the culprit. Nail scraping has the ability the recognition of the sufferer and culprit.

At the positioning of the crime, body fluids are usually found and a biometric identification from these materials gives the right direction to investigating agency in solving the case and ultimately the criminal is convicted.

Blood is most frequently utilized in body blood, blood clot, bloodstains, blood spatters, crust, blood powder on washed blood on all kinds of objects and surface.

It's visiting be found at the scene, with the victim, with the culprit, on the weapon of offence, on the discard garments or anywhere where the culprit has washed his hand or other blood-smeared articles or discarded and thrown blood-smeared articles.

Before the utilization of DNA fingerprint, matters involving statutory offence can be solved primarily by evidence only. These are such quite offences which are committed in solitary and solitude condition.

Therefore, evidence isn't available. It had been awfully difficult for the victim of rape to prove the offence within the absence of evidence or an eyewitness, which is extremely rare.

The advent of DNA profiling has created great hope in tackling molestation cases. Semen, swabs and saliva are important biological evidentiary clues in criminal cases from which DNA fingerprint is ready and criminal could even be identified.

Saliva is rich in body cells; hence it's amenable to DNA fingerprinting. It is found in a various offence like scuffles, murder, trespass and statutory offence viz. Bite impressions by the victim or by the offender, cigarette butts, alcoholic beverages bottles, tumblers and teacups etc. Usually, carry the saliva satins of suspects.

In rape cases, DNA fingerprinting adducing is of great help in investigating and prosecuting the criminal.

Now the rapist could even be promptly apprehended by getting identification from the semen, swabs and saliva found at the crime scene.

Even if the semen is contaminated with any material, vaginal fluid, rectal matter in sodomy cases, saliva in perversion or with the semen of other rapists in gang rapes, it's fixed unmistakably and real or every culprit is individualized and identified.

Somewhere during this twilight zone, the evidential force of the principle must be recognized, and while courts will go an extended way in admitting expert testimony deduced from a well-recognized scientific principle or discovery, the things from which the deduction is made must be sufficiently established to possess gained general acceptance within the actual field.